In order to better outline the scope, please find below a (non-exclusive) list of examples which solutions/technologies this could potentially target:

• Underground storage systems (such as investigating possibilities to reduce leaking and contamination effects of underground storage caverns or alternatives to caverns) ​

• Hydrogen or reactive metals etc. as a seasonal storage medium ​

• Solutions for thermal storage (such as sorbent materials, phase changing materials or recovery of industrial heat, …) ​

• Thermal and other energy storage solutions for peak shaving ​

• Digital solutions – including data analytics and AI-enabled materials to system level modelling. Examples include evaluation of hybrid materials, value analysis of multi-level applications and system hybridization models.  ​

• Simulation studies (such as material simulations, techno-economic analysis, AI methodologies…), sharing of data coming from hybrid energy storage systems by means of FAIR principles, etc. ​

• Assessment of the EU energy storage needs at different time scales (from frequency regulations to seasonal storage) ​

• Assessment of (future) locations of the storage systems within the EU. Determine the potential and optimal placement for specific energy conversion and storage systems (P2G) in order to use existing transport infrastructure and to produce hydrogen economically.​

• Modularity and multipurpose use of components, starting from design of energy storage systems , reusability and recycling of raw materials and components (circularity principles) ​

• Magnetic storage (SMES), flywheels and supercapacitors as support for low to medium power storage systems (pumped hydro, CAES, LAES,  thermal, electrochemical and chemical storage) in hybrid configuration ​

• Identification of economic feasibility and bottlenecks of specific hybrid solutions (raw materials, but also components…). ​

• Smart power management of hybrid storage systems